{"id":3894,"date":"2025-09-04T10:32:52","date_gmt":"2025-09-04T02:32:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pgeneral.com\/?p=3894"},"modified":"2025-09-04T10:32:52","modified_gmt":"2025-09-04T02:32:52","slug":"determination-of-cadmium-in-surface-water-graphite-furnace-atomic-absorption-spectrometry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pgeneral.com\/vi\/applications\/determination-of-cadmium-in-surface-water-graphite-furnace-atomic-absorption-spectrometry","title":{"rendered":"X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Cadmium trong n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry)"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/h2>\n
Sau khi \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y phun ti\u00eam \u1ed1ng graphite. C\u00e1c ion cadmium ch\u1ee9a trong m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bay h\u01a1i v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch ra th\u00e0nh h\u01a1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed h\u00f3a cao trong \u1ed1ng graphite. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 d\u00f2ng c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1t ra b\u1edfi \u0111\u00e8n cathode r\u1ed7ng cadmium. Trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9.<\/div>\n
\n

2. D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed<\/h2>\n

2.1 D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb<\/h3>\n

2.1.1 D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ki\u1ec3m tra<\/h4>\n
\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
S\u1ed1 Serial<\/th>\nT\u00ean<\/th>\nS\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/th>\nY\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/th>\nPh\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1<\/td>\nGraphite l\u00f2 quang ph\u1ed5 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed<\/td>\n1 b\u1ed9<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n\u0110\u00e8n cathode r\u1ed7ng cadmium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n l\u00e0m m\u00e1t<\/td>\n1 b\u1ed9<\/td>\nT\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y b\u01a1m n\u01b0\u1edbc: 3,5 L \/ ph\u00fat<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nKh\u00ed Argon<\/td>\n1 xi lanh<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft \u2265 99,99%<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

2.1.2 Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eabu<\/h4>\n
\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
S\u1ed1 Serial<\/th>\nT\u00ean<\/th>\nS\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/th>\nY\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/th>\nPh\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1<\/td>\nT\u1ea5m n\u00f3ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/td>\n1 b\u1ed9<\/td>\nNhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng ~ 300 \u2103<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\n\u1ed1ng \u0111o m\u00e0u<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t s\u1ed1<\/td>\nKh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: 10 ml<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nMicropipette<\/td>\n1 m\u1ed7i<\/td>\nPh\u1ea1m vi: 20 \u03bcL ~ 200 \u03bcL, 1000 \u03bcL ~ 5000 \u03bcL<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nKh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Flask<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t s\u1ed1<\/td>\nKh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: 100 ml, 1000 ml<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

2.2 Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/h3>\n

2.2.1 Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u00f4<\/h4>\n
\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n
S\u1ed1 Serial<\/th>\nT\u00ean<\/th>\nY\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/th>\nNh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1<\/td>\naxit nitric<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

2.2 Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb<\/h4>\n
\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n
S\u1ed1 Serial<\/th>\nT\u00ean<\/th>\nPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb<\/th>\nNh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1<\/td>\nGi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p axit nitric (1 99)<\/td>\n\u0110o 10 ml axit nitric, th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 1000 ml ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 pha lo\u00e3ng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

2.3 Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tham kh\u1ea3o<\/h3>\n

2.3.1 Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n<\/h4>\n
\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n
S\u1ed1 Serial<\/th>\nKh\u00f4ng.<\/th>\nT\u00ean<\/th>\nY\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/th>\nNh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1<\/td>\nGSB G 62040-90<\/td>\nGi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cadmium<\/td>\nN\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9: 1000 mg \/ L<\/td>\nVi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u S\u1eaft v\u00e0 Th\u00e9p Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

3. Quy tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/h2>\n

3.1 Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1eabu<\/h3>\n

3.1.1 Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m<\/h4>\n
C\u00e1c m\u1eabu n\u01b0\u1edbc trong su\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn treo cao, vi\u1ec7c axit h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch.<\/div>\n

3.1.2 Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/h4>\n
    \n
  1. \n
    Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb dung d\u1ecbch trung gian ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cadmium (50 \u03bcg \/ mL): \u0110\u00f3ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c 5,0 mL dung d\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cadmium (1000 \u03bcg \/ mL) v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 100 mL, pha lo\u00e3ng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u1edbi (1 99) dung d\u1ecbch axit nitric v\u00e0 l\u1eafc t\u1ed1t.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  2. \n
    Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb dung d\u1ecbch trung gian ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cadmium (1,0 \u03bcg \/ mL): \u0110\u00f3ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c 2,0 mL dung d\u1ecbch trung gian ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cadmium (50 \u03bcg \/ mL) v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 100 mL, pha lo\u00e3ng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch axit nitric (99) v\u00e0 l\u1eafc t\u1ed1t.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  3. \n
    Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb dung d\u1ecbch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cadmium (100 ng \/ mL): \u0110\u00f3ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c 10,0 mL dung d\u1ecbch ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cadmium (1,0 \u03bcg \/ mL) v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 100 mL, pha lo\u00e3ng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u1edbi (1 99) dung d\u1ecbch axit nitric v\u00e0 l\u1eafc t\u1ed1t.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  4. \n
    Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cadmium: Pipette 0,0 mL, 0,50 mL, 1,00 mL, 3,00 mL, 5,00 mL v\u00e0 7,00 mL dung d\u1ecbch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cadmium v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 100 mL ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Pha lo\u00e3ng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch axit nitric (1 99) v\u00e0 l\u1eafc t\u1ed1t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1edbi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cadmium 0,00 ng \/ mL, 0,5 ng \/ mL, 1,00 ng \/ mL, 3,00 ng \/ mL, 5,00 ng \/ mL v\u00e0 7,00 ng \/ mL.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    3.2 Ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1eabu<\/h3>\n
      \n
    1. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m tham chi\u1ebfu cho quang ph\u1ed5 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed: | Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 | | — | — | | B\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng (nm) | 228.8 | | B\u0103ng th\u00f4ng quang ph\u1ed5 (nm) | 0.4 | | D\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e8n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 (mA) | 2.0 | | Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa n\u1ec1n | S\u1eeda ch\u1eefa n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e8n deuterium | | Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eam (\u03bcL) | 15 |<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n


      <\/p>\n

      Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m l\u00f2 Graphite<\/strong><\/div>\n


      <\/p>\n

      \n
      \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      B\u01b0\u1edbc<\/th>\nNhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 (\u2103)<\/th>\nTh\u1eddi gian s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m (S)<\/th>\nTh\u1eddi gian gi\u1eef (S)<\/th>\nD\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y kh\u00ed n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      1<\/td>\n110<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n10<\/td>\ncao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      2<\/td>\n350<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n10<\/td>\ncao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      3<\/td>\n1700<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n3<\/td>\nT\u1eaft<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      4<\/td>\n1900<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n2<\/td>\ncao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n


      <\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1eabu Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c pipet thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed tr\u1ed1ng, lo\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch m\u1eabu, ti\u00eam ch\u00fang v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng graphite v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i dung d\u1ecbch ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. V\u1ebd m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 abscissa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, t\u00ecm n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cadmium t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        3.3 T\u00ednh to\u00e1n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3<\/h3>\n
        N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cadmium trong m\u1eabu n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c sau:<\/div>\n
        \"\"<\/div>\n


        <\/p>\n

        \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u:<\/div>\n
          \n
        • \u03c1 (Cd)<\/span> = N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cadmium trong m\u1eabu n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb: microgram m\u1ed7i l\u00edt (\u03bcg \/ L);<\/li>\n
        • \u03c11<\/span>\u00a0= N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cadmium trong m\u1eabu thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb: microgram m\u1ed7i l\u00edt (\u03bcg \/ L);<\/li>\n
        • V1<\/span>\u00a0Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb: milil\u00edt (mL);<\/li>\n
        • V<\/span>\u00a0= Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eabu n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea5y, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb: milil\u00edt (mL).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          1. Method Overview After appropriate treatment, the sample is injected into a graphite tube atomizer. The cadmium ions contained in the sample are evaporated and dissociated into atomic vapor at high atomization temperature in the graphite tube. The ground-state atoms of the element to be determined absorb the resonance line emitted by the cadmium hollow […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[36,75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3894","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-applications","category-environment"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pgeneral.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3894","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pgeneral.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pgeneral.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pgeneral.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pgeneral.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3894"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.pgeneral.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3894\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pgeneral.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3894"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pgeneral.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3894"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pgeneral.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3894"}],"curies":[{"name":"WP","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}