{"id":3534,"date":"2025-05-08T11:50:35","date_gmt":"2025-05-08T03:50:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pgeneral.com\/?p=3534"},"modified":"2025-05-08T14:23:42","modified_gmt":"2025-05-08T06:23:42","slug":"how-mass-spectrometry-works-a-beginners-guide-to-the-process","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pgeneral.com\/vi\/news\/how-mass-spectrometry-works-a-beginners-guide-to-the-process","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 quy tr\u00ecnh"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Cho d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hay c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1ea1n t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

\"quang<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p \u0111o ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i<\/h2>\n

Mass Spectrometry l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h3>\n

Ph\u1ed5 \u0111o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch (m \/ z). Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c ion \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh n\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay. Ph\u1ed5 \u0111o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ho\u1eb7c protein v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a quang ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n

Ph\u1ed5 ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t linh ho\u1ea1t. Ph\u1ed5 ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00fap trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra thu\u1ed1c, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, proteomics \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch protein v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p y \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a trong khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u1ed1t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Mass Spectrometer<\/h2>\n

M\u1ed9t m\u00e1y quang ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u00ednh. M\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n ion<\/h3>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n ion l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea1c. B\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Ngu\u1ed3n ion ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1eabu v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Mass Analyzer<\/h3>\n

M\u00e1y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y. N\u00f3 t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ion theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-s\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c m\u00e1y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1n c\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c th\u1eddi gian bay (TOF), cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u00e1y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch TOF l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c chi ti\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. T\u1ea1i PERSEE, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u00e1y quang ph\u1ed5 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed<\/u><\/a>\u00a0S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\"b\u00e1c<\/p>\n

M\u00e1y d\u00f2 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

Sau khi c\u00e1c ion \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra, m\u00e1y d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ebfm ch\u00fang. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c m\u00e1y d\u00f2 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y nh\u00e2n electron ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed1c Faraday, bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00fa ion th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ion so v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-s\u1ea1c. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh quang ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/h2>\n

H\u00e3y ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a quang ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ion h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang<\/h3>\n

Ionization l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. N\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed trung l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh ion. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n

Ionization \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed (EI) t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang m\u1ea5t c\u00e1c electron v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ion d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh. N\u00f3 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0ng EI c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

M\u00e1t tr\u1eadn h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 laser kh\u1eed h\u1ea5p \/ ion h\u00f3a (MALDI) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng laser \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea1c c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed trong ma tr\u1eadn. N\u00f3 gi\u1eef cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 protein. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong proteomics. c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i M\u00e1y quang ph\u1ed5 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed<\/u><\/a>\u00a0h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ion h\u00f3a ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn cho nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

T\u0103ng t\u1ed1c<\/h3>\n

Sau khi ion h\u00f3a, c\u00e1c ion \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c qua m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u00e1y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng<\/h3>\n

Trong m\u00e1y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c ion \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb. C\u00e1c ion nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ion c\u00f3 s\u1ea1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n di chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ion n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00e1ch ch\u00fang theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-s\u1ea1c. \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n

M\u00e1y d\u00f2 b\u1eaft c\u00e1c ion t\u00e1ch ra. N\u00f3 ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho th\u1ea5y trang \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu tr\u1ef1c quan. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3<\/h3>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0m cho \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh cao \u1edf m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m \/ z nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ho\u1eb7c protein.<\/p>\n

L\u1ee3i th\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a quang ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n

L\u1ee3i \u00edch trong H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/h3>\n

Ph\u1ed5 \u0111o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh:<\/p>\n